Detergent Totally Explained

Everything about Detergents totally explained

Detergent is a compound, or a mixture of compounds, intended to assist cleaning. The term is sometimes used to differentiate between soap and other chemical surfactants used for cleaning purposes.
The effects of detergents were noted in 1913 by A. Reychler, a Belgian chemist. The first commercially available detergent was Nekal, sold in Germany in 1917, to alleviate World War I soap shortages. Detergents were mainly used in industry until World War II. By then new developments and the later conversion of USA aviation fuel plants to produce tetrapropylene, used in household detergents, caused a fast growth of household use, in the late 1940s. In the late 1960s biological detergents, containing enzymes, better suited to dissolved protein stains, as egg stains, were introduced in the USA by Procter & Gamble.

Composition

Detergents, especially those made for use with water, often include different components such as:

Surfactants to 'cut' (dissolve) grease and to wet surfaces
Abrasive to scour
Substances to modify pH or to affect performance or stability of other ingredients, acids for descaling or caustics to break down organic compounds
Water softeners to counteract the effect of "hardness" ions on other ingredients
oxidants (oxidizers) for bleaching, disinfection, and breaking down organic compounds
Non-surfactant materials that keep dirt in suspension
Enzymes to digest proteins, fats, or carbohydrates in stains or to modify fabric feel
Ingredients that modify the foaming properties of the cleaning surfactants, to either stabilize or counteract foam
Ingredients that affect the aesthetic properties, such as optical brighteners, fabric softeners, colors, perfumes, etc.
Washing agents may contain soap for the purpose of reducing foam rather than cleaning fabric.

Types

There are several factors that dictate what compositions of detergent should be used, including the material to be cleaned, the apparatus to be used, and tolerance for and type of dirt. For instance, all of the following are used to clean glass. The sheer range of different detergents that can be used demonstrates the importance of context in the selection of an appropriate glass-cleaning agent:

a chromic acid solution—to get glass very clean for certain precision-demanding purposes, namely in analytical chemistry

a high-foaming mixture of surfactants with low skin irritation—for hand-washing of drink glasses in a sink or dishpan

other surfactant-based compositions—for washing windows with a squeegee, followed by rinsing

any of various non-foaming compositions—for glasses in a dishwashing machine

an ammonia-containing solution—for cleaning windows with no additional dilution and no rinsing

ethanol or methanol in Windshield washer fluid—used for a vehicle in motion, with no additional dilution.

Terminology

Sometimes the word detergent is used to distinguish a cleaning agent from soap (which is a compound produced through the saponification of a glyceride). During the early development of non-soap surfactants as commercial cleaning products, the term syndet, short for synthetic detergent was promoted to indicate the distinction, but never caught on very well. The term soapless soap also saw a brief vogue. There is no accurate term for detergents not made of soap other than soapless detergent or non-soap detergent.
Plain water, if used for cleaning, is a detergent. Probably the most widely-used detergents other than water are soaps or mixtures composed chiefly of soaps. However, not all soaps have significant detergency and, although the words "detergent" and "soap" are sometimes used interchangeably, not every detergent is a soap.
The term detergent is sometimes used to refer to any surfactant, even when it isn't used for cleaning. This terminology should be avoided as long as the term surfactant itself is available.

Further Information

Get more info on 'Detergents'.

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